AZ-900 Microsoft Azure Fundamentals Exam

Understand the Core Principles of Zero Trust

Zero Trust is a modern security model built on the core concept of never trust, always verify. This approach assumes that threats can originate from both inside and outside the corporate network, meaning no user or device is trusted by default. By shifting from traditional network perimeters to an identity-centric defense, organizations can protect their resources more effectively. This continuous verification process helps secure applications, data, and devices in any environment.

To guide this model, Azure relies on three core principles:

• Verify explicitly: Always authenticate and authorize based on all available data points, including user identity, location, and device health.
• Use least privilege: Limit user access with just-in-time and just-enough access models to protect data and minimize risks.
• Assume breach: Minimize the impact of a security event by segmenting access, verifying end-to-end encryption, and monitoring the network continuously.

Azure implements these principles primarily through Microsoft Entra ID, which provides single sign-on, conditional access policies, and device registration. To enforce least privilege, administrators use Azure role-based access control (RBAC) and Privileged Identity Management (PIM) to grant only the minimum required permissions. Managed devices must meet compliance policies before accessing resources, which ensures that unhealthy devices are blocked. Finally, continuous monitoring is achieved using tools like Identity Secure Score and risk-based conditional access to provide real-time visibility and automated threat response.

Examine Zero Trust Architecture in Azure

Azure builds its Zero Trust architecture on a foundation of centralized identity management. By using Azure Active Directory (Azure AD), organizations can secure and manage every identity, device, and service across their network. Azure AD offers single sign-on (SSO), which allows users to securely access multiple cloud and on-premises applications with a single set of credentials. This centralized control plane ensures that identities remain synchronized and tightly managed.

To enforce strict access control, Azure combines Conditional Access policies with Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA). Conditional Access acts as an intelligent policy engine that evaluates real-time signals before allowing a user to connect to resources. MFA adds an extra layer of defense by requiring multiple forms of verification, such as biometrics or mobile notifications. Access decisions are evaluated based on several key conditions:

• Device compliance and registration status
• Geographic location and IP address
• User or group membership
• Sign-in risk level

Setting up a secure architecture requires a step-by-step approach to identity protection. Organizations start by enabling password protection and deploying passwordless authentication methods to eliminate weak credentials. Administrators then assign least-privilege roles and configure PIM to manage elevated administrative access. To guide the implementation, teams can use Microsoft Entra ID deployment plans and track progress using their identity secure score.

Implement Identity and Access Management (IAM) in Azure

Identity and Access Management (IAM) is the primary boundary for securing modern cloud environments. Under a Zero Trust framework, every user, application, and device must be fully authenticated and authorized before gaining access to any resource. This dynamic approach shifts security focus from static network firewalls to identity-driven verification. By treating identity as the security perimeter, organizations can ensure consistent protection regardless of where the request originates.

At the heart of Azure IAM is Microsoft Entra ID, which provides a unified identity platform for hybrid and cloud environments. This service handles the critical tasks of authenticating identities and authorizing their access to specific data and tools. In addition to MFA and SSO, Microsoft Entra ID supports a reverse proxy to extend secure remote access to on-premises applications. These integrated capabilities ensure that all access attempts are validated under the same security standards.

To enforce the principle of least privilege, Azure administrators use RBAC to assign specific, limited permissions to users and groups. To prevent administrative account abuse, Privileged Identity Management requires users to request temporary elevation with business justification and approval. Furthermore, organizations conduct regular access reviews to verify that users still require their assigned permissions over time. These combined tools prevent long-term access accumulation and significantly reduce the potential impact of a compromised account.

Utilize Azure Security Tools for Zero Trust

Securing the network and infrastructure is a vital part of a comprehensive Zero Trust strategy. Azure provides specialized security tools that isolate workloads and restrict traffic to authorized communication paths. For example, Azure DDoS Protection defends cloud resources against large-scale denial-of-service attacks. To secure connections to platform services, organizations can use Virtual Network Service Endpoints or Azure Private Link to route traffic over the private Microsoft backbone. For secure administration and application delivery, Azure Bastion provides secure remote management while Azure Front Door protects web applications at the network edge.

While network controls protect the pathways, identity controls ensure that only verified users can access those pathways. Microsoft Entra ID coordinates SSO, MFA, and Conditional Access policies to enforce explicit verification at the login stage. Administrative activities are tightly controlled through RBAC and PIM, which restrict access to the minimum necessary duration and scope. These tools continuously monitor identity events to detect anomalous behaviors and enforce security boundaries.

To manage threats across the entire environment, Azure integrates advanced monitoring and response platforms. Microsoft Defender for Cloud and Azure Security Center continuously assess resource configurations and provide active threat protection for cloud workloads. For a broader view, Azure Sentinel acts as a cloud-native security information and event management (SIEM) system to collect data and automate incident responses. Together, these tools provide the continuous visibility required to sustain a Zero Trust posture.

Evaluate the Benefits and Challenges of Zero Trust

Adopting a Zero Trust security model in Azure delivers significant advantages for modern organizations. By enforcing strict verification and restricting access, companies achieve an improved security posture that stops many cyber threats before they start. The continuous monitoring and least privilege access models reduce the risk of data breaches by preventing attackers from moving laterally through the network. Additionally, detailed auditing and granular access controls help organizations simplify compliance with strict regulatory requirements.

To realize these benefits, Azure deployments rely on a combination of identity and network security features. Microsoft Entra ID manages access through MFA and Conditional Access, while PIM provides just-in-time administrative controls with structured approval workflows. Organizations use their identity secure score and regular access reviews to measure security health and track improvements over time. On the network side, services like DDoS Protection, Private Link, and Azure Bastion secure the actual paths that data travels.

Despite the clear security benefits, organizations must also plan for the practical challenges of implementing Zero Trust. Managing granular security policies across thousands of users, devices, and applications introduces operational complexity. Deploying these advanced security tools may also require additional licensing costs, training, and specialized administrative resources. Furthermore, frequent authentication checks can impact the user experience, requiring administrators to carefully balance security with usability. Finally, maintaining a Zero Trust environment requires continuous updates, threat monitoring, and policy reviews to remain effective against evolving threats.